1. T.H. Mikuriya: Marijuana: Medical Papers 1839-1972, MediComp Press, Berkeley, 1973.
2. A.D. McDonald: The Action and Uses of Hemp Drugs, Nature 1941 147 167
3. R.P. Walton: Marihuana: America's New Drug Problem, J.B. Lippincott. Philadelphia, 1938.
4. On South Asia: Shri C. Dwarakanath: Use of Opium and Cannabis in the traditional systems of medicine in India, Bull. Narcot. 1965 17 (1) 15; Indian Pharmaceutical Codex 1953, p.48. On Southern Africa: C.J.G.Bourhill: The Smoking of Dagga (Indian Hemp) among the Native Races of South Africa and the Resultant Evils, MD Thesis, Edinburgh, 1913; F. Ames: A Clinical and Metabolic Study of Acute Intoxication with C. Sativa and its Role in the Model Psychoses, J. Ment. Sci. 1958 104 972; J.M. Watt and M. Breyer-Brandwijk: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, Livingstone, Edinburgh, 2nd Ed., 1962; United Nations Document E/CN 7/478 (1965), The Cannabis Situation in African Countries. On the West Indies: V. Rubin and L. Comitas: Ganja in Jamaica, Mouton, The Hague, 1975; R. Prince, R. Greenfield and J. Marriott: Cannabis or Alcohol, Bull. Narcot. 1972 24 (1) 1. On various parts of the world:
V. Rubin (Ed.): Cannabis and Culture, Mouton, The Hague, 1975.
5. Dwarakanath, op. cit.
6. N Culpeper: The English Physician, or an Astrologophysical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation, London, 1652. J. Kabelik: Hanf in der Alt- und Volksmedizin, Pharmazie 1957 12 (7) 439; S. Benet: Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp, in V. Rubin (Ed.): Cannabis and Culture, Mouton, The Hague, 1975, p.39.
7 W.B. O'Shaughnessy: On the preparations of the Indian Hemp, or Gunjah, Trans. Med. Phys. Soc. Beng. 1838-40 pp. 71-102 and 1842 pp. 421.461.
8. R.R McMeens: Report of the Committee on Cannabis indica, Trans. 15th Annual Meeting, Ohio State Med. Soc., 1860, pp. 75-100.
9. H.C. Wood: On the Medical Activity of the Hemp Plant as Grown in North America, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869 11 226.
10. B. Barrow: A case of dysmenorrhoea in which the tincture of cannabis indica was employed. Providence Med. Surg. J. 1847 11 122; J.R. Reynolds: Therapeutical Uses and Toxic Effects of Cannabis indica, Lancet 1890 i. 637.
11. S. Hemenway: Strychnine Poisoning treated with Cannabis indica, Pacific Med. Surg. J. 1867 i 113. Compare G.R.S. Carlini and E.A. Carlini: Effects of strychnine and C. Sativa (Marihuana) on the Nucleic Acid Content in Brain of the Rat, Med. Pharmac. Exp. 1965 12 21.
12. J. Brown: Cannabis indica - a Valuable Remedy in Menorrhagia, Br. Med. J. 1883 i. 1002; S. Fraenkel: Chemie und Pharmakologie des Haschisch, Arch. Exp. Path. Pharmak. 1903 49 226
13. W M. Kelly: Cannabis indica, Br. Med. J. 1883 i. 1281.
14. H.L. Jones: Note on C. indica as a narcotic, Practitioner 1885 35 251; Fraenkel, op. cit.
15. E.A. Birch: The Use of Indian Hemp in the Treatment of Chronic Chloral and Chronic Opium Poisoning, Lancet 1889 i. 625.
16. Berthier: Sommeil procure par le haschisch, Gaz. Hop. 1867 40 387: Reynolds: op. cit.
17. G. See: work reported in Deutsch. Med. Wochen. 1890, August 14 and 21, and in Lancet 1890 ii, pp. 261, 592 and 631.
18. C.W. Suckling: On the Therapeutic Value of Indian Hemp, Br. Med. J. 1891 ii. 12.
19. R.C. Lees: Cannabis sativa . . . , Br. Med. J. 1895 i. 300.
20. S. McKenzie: The Value of . . . Hemp in the Treatment of . . . Headache, Br. Med. J. l887 i. 97; N Tirard: Toxic Effects of C. indica, Lancet 1890 i 723; Reynolds: op. cit.;
J. Attlee: A Case of Poisoning by C. indica, Br. Med. J. 1896 ii. 948; R.H. Fox: Headaches, Lancet 1897 ii. 307.
21. J.B. Mattison: Cannabis indica as an anodyne and hypnotic, St. Louis Med. Surg. J. 1891 61 265.
22. J.R. Reynolds: Therapeutical Uses and Toxic Effects of Cannabis indica, Lancet 1890 i. 637.
23. U S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare: Marihuana and Health, 8th Annual Report, 1980.
24. S. Loewe: Studies on the pharmacology and acute toxicity of compounds with marihuana activity, J Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 1946 88 154.
25. R. Adams: Marihuana, Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 1942 18 705; Ames: op. cit.; Walton: op. cit.
26. H.A. Hare: Clinical and physiological notes on the action of Cannabis indica, Therap. Gaz. 1887 11 225.
27. W. Osler and T. McCrae: Principles and Practice of Medicine, Appleton & Co., New York, 8th Ed., 1916, p.1089.
28. A.E. Fossier: The Marijuana Menace, New Orleans Med. Surg. J. 1931 84 247, is a typical early example. There is a great deal of such material, culminating in the classic: H.J. Anslinger & C.R. Cooper: Marijuana Assassin of Youth, American Magazine, July 1937 (also in Reader's Digest, Feb, 1938).
29. For Egypt see Proc. 2nd Internat. Opium Conference, Geneva, 1924 for the famous and much reprinted speech; "The countenance of the addict becomes gloomy, his eye is wild and the expression of his face is stupid." For India, W S.J Shaw: "Cannabis indica A "Dangerous Drug", Br Med. J. 1923 ii 586.
30. M. Sasman: Cannabis indica in pharmaceuticals, J. New Jersey Med. Soc. 1938 35 51.
31. T.H. Mikuriya: The History of Cannabis in American Medicine, presented at ICAR 1st Internat. Cannabis Legalisation Conference, Amsterdam, 1980.
32. J.P. Remington & H.C. Wood: Dispensatory of the USA, J B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, 20th Ed., 1918, reprinted in T.H. Mikuriya: Marijuana: Medical Papers, 1973.
33. Report of the Committee on Legislative Activities, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1937 108 2214.
34. D.F. Musto: The 1937 Marijuana Tax Act, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 1972 26 101. Reprinted in Mikuriya: Marijuana: Medical Papers, 1973.
35. L.S. Goodman & A. Gilman: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 3rd Ed., New York, 1965, p.1725.
36. R. Adams: Marijuana, the Harvey Lecture 1941-2, Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 1942 18 705, and a series of more than thirty papers from R. Adams, M. Hunt & J.H. Clark: The Structure of Cannabidiol, Part 1, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940 62 196, to R. Adams, M. Harfenist & S. Loewe: New Analogs of THC, Part XIX, J Am. Chem. Soc. 1949 71 1624.
37. A.R. Todd: Hashish, Experienta, 1946 2 55; A.R. Todd: The Chemistry of Hashish, Scient. J Royal Coll. Sci. 1942 12 37.
38. The synthesis is in R. Adams, S. Mackenzie & S. Loewe: THC homologs with doubly branched alkyl groups in the 3-position, Part XVIII, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948 70 664. The pharmacological work is in S. Loewe: Toxicity of Marijuana-active Principles, Fedn. Proc. 1945 4 127; S. Loewe: Study on the Pharmacology and Acute Toxicology of Compounds with Marijuana Activity, J Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 1946 88 154; S. Loewe & R. Adams: Structure-Activity Relationship & Pharmacological Peculiarities of New Synthetic Congeners of THC, Fedn, Proc. 1947 6 352; S. Loewe: Cannabiswirkestoffe und Pharmakologie der Cannabinole, Arch. Exp Path. Pharmak. 1950 211 175. See also Refs. 41.
39. V M. Sim: personal communication to THM, 1967.
40. Arthur D. Little Co.: New Incapacitating Agents Quarterly Report 15116 Supplement. Preclinical Pharmacology & Toxicology of Candidate Agent 226, 169. (Papers on Tetrahydrocannabinols cleared for public release, National Technical Information Service, Dept. of Commerce, 1971.
41. H.F. Hardman, E.F. Domino & M.T. Seevers: General Pharmacological Actions of some Synthetic THC Derivatives, Pharmac. Rev. 1971 23 295. Oddly, Adams' most potent synthetic proved not to be psychoactive in humans; L. Lemberger et al.: Pharmacologic Effects and Physiologic Disposition of DMHP in Man, Clin. Pharmac.
Ther. 1974 15 380.
42. G.B. Wallace (Ed.) & the Mayor's Committee on Marihuana: The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York, Jaques Cattell, Lancaster, Pa., 1944. Psychiatric study also published as S. Allentuck & K.M. Bowman: The Psychiatric Aspects of Marihuana Intoxication, Am. J. Psychiat. 1942 99 248. Reprinted in D. Solomon: The Marijuana Papers, 1966.
43. G.E. Mitchell: Migraine associated with Menstruation, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1942 120 326, and editorial in same issue: Recent Investigations of Marihuana.
44. Editorial: Marihuana Problems, J Am. Med, Ass. 1945 127 1129. See also Editorial: The Marihuana Bugaboo, Milit. Surg. 1943 93, 94; H.J. Anslinger: Psychiatric Aspects of Marijuana Intoxication, J Am. Med. Ass. 1943 121 212; J. Bouquet: Marijuana Intoxication, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1944 124 1010; K.M. Bowman: (same title), J Am. Med. Ass. 1944 125 376; R.P. Walton: Marihuana Problems, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1945 128 383; K.M. Bowman: Marihuana Problems, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1945 128 899, Editorial: Sanity Concerning Marihuana, Milit. Surg. 1945 96 532; H.L. Kreschmer: The Marihuana Problem, J Am. Med. Ass. 1945 129 1108.
45. E.J. Rolls & D. Stafford-Clark: Depersonalisation treated by Cannabis indica and psychotherapy, Guy's Hosp. Rep. 1954 103 330.
46. Positive results were obtained in L.S. Kubie & S. Margolin: The Therapeutic Role of Drugs in the Process of Repression, Dissociation and Synthesis, Psychosom. Med. 1945 7 147; G.T Stockings: A New Euphoriant for Depressive Mental States, Br. Med. J 1947 i. 918; and M.H. De Groot: The Role of Hallucinogens in Depersonalisation and Allied Syndromes, in R. Crocket et al. (Eds.), Hallucinogenic Drugs and their Psychotherapeutic Use, H.K. Lewis, London, 1963. Negative results were found in D.A. Pond: Psychological Effects in Depressive Patients of the marijuana homolog Synhexyl, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 1948 11 271 and in C.S. Parker & F. Wrigley: Synthetic Cannabis Preparations in Psychiatry: (1) Synhexyl, J Ment. Sci. 1950 96 176.
47. J. Kabelik et al.: Konopi jako lek (Hemp as a Remedy), Acta Univ. Palack. Olomuc. (Fac. Med.) 1955 6 27
48. McMeens: op. cit.; Lilly's Handbook of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, 1898, p.32.
49. Zd. Krejci, M. Horak & Fr. Santavy: Konstituce Kyseliny Kanabidiolove ... (Constitution of Cannabidiolic Acid ... ) Acta Univ. Palack. Olomuc. (Fac. Med.) 1958 16 9.
50. Kabelik: op. cit.
51. J. Jubacek: (A study of the effect of C. indica in oto-rhino-laryngology) (in Czech.), Acta Univ. Palack. Olomuc. (Fac. Med.) 1955 6 83; J. Hubacek: (A contribution to the treatment of Sinusitis Maxillaris) (in Czech), same journal, 1961 23 207.
52. JT Simek et al.: Uziti extraktu z C. indica v Konservacni Stomatologii (Application of C. indica extract in preserving stomatology), same journal, 1955 6 79; J Soldan: Therapeuticke vysledky aplikace latek z C. indica ve stomatologii (Therapeutic results in stomatology after application of substances derived from C. indica), same journal, 1955 6 73; J. Soldan: Fytoncidy ve stomatologii (Phytoncides in Stomatology), Cesk. Stomatol. 1953 53 23.
53. J Navratil: (Effectiveness of C. indica in chronic otitis media)(in Czech), Acta Univ. Palack. Olomuc. (Fac. Med.), 1955 687.
54. J, Procek: Predbezne sdeleni o lokalnim ucinku C. indica pri lecbe specifickych pisteli (Preliminary study on the local effects of C. indica as a remedy for specific fistulas), same journal, 6 91.
55. The material on specific applications has not been translated, although the originals have English summaries. Kabelik's interesting review of the history of hemp in European folk-medicine has appeared in German - J. Kabelik: Hanf (C. sativa) - Antibiotisches Heilmittel: 1. Mitteilung: Hanf in der Alt und Volksmedizin, Pharmazie 1957 12 (7) 439. The chemical and in vitro work is covered in Zd. Krejci: Hanf - Antibiotisches Heilmittel: 2. Pharmazie 1958 13 155 and Zd. Krejci: Hanf Antibiotisches Heilmittel: 3. Pharmazie 1959 14 349. A much-abbreviated English version appeared only in 1960 - J. Kabelik, Zd. Krejci & Fr. Santavy: Cannabis as a Medicament, Bull. Narcot. 1960 12 (3) 5.
56. Third Report of the Expert Committee on Addiction-Producing Drugs, WHO Tech. Rep. Ser, 1952 57 11.
57 Fifth Report of the Expert Committee . . ., WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. 1955 95 1.
58. Sixth Report of the Expert Committee . . ., WHO Tech. Rep, Ser. 1955 95.
59. UN Document E/CN.7/409 (E/CONF. 34/5) 1961: The merits of antibiotic substances obtainable from C. sativa.
60. Eleventh Report of the Expert Committee . . ., WHO Tech. Rep. Ser, 1961 211 11.
61. Zd. Krecji: Micro-method of thin layer chromatography adapted for the analysis of cannabis, UN Document ST/SOA/SER.S/16, 1967. The Czech work was followed up to some slight extent: L. Ferenczy: Antibacterial substances in seeds, Nature, 19S6 178 639; L. Ferenczy et al.: An antibacterial preparation from Hemp. Naturwiss. 1958 45 188; J. Martinec & M. Felklova: Einfluss verschiedener Dungung auf die antibakterielle Aktivitat des Hanfes (C. sativa L.), Pharmazie 1959 14 276; S.I. Zelepukha et al.: (Antibacterial properties of preparations from Hemp) (in Russian), Mikrobiol. Zh. Akad. Nauk. Ukr. RSR 1963 25 42. The final perversion was the use of the antibiotic effect for forensic purposes - A. Radosevic, M. Kupinic & L. Grlic: Antibiotic activity of various types of cannabis resin, Nature 1962 195 1007
62. Record of the 465th Meeting of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (16th Session): UN Document E/CN.7/SR465, 1961.
63. United Nations: Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, New York, 1962.
64, Government of Egypt, Central Narcotics Intelligence Bureau: Annual Report. 1944, Chap. 8. Hashish.
65. Advisory Comnmittee on Drug Dependence: Cannabis, H.M. Stationery Office, 1968.
66. R.S. Hepler & I.M. Frank: Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1971 217 l392.
67 T.H. Mikuriya: The History of Cannabis in American Medicine, presented at ICAR 1st Internat. Cannabis Legalisation Conference, Amsterdam, 1980: U S. Dept. of Health. Education & Welfare: Marihuana and Health, 8th Annual Report, 1980.
68. S. Cohen: Marijuana as Medicine, Psychology Today, April 1978, p.60. R.A. Roffman: Using Marijuana in the reduction of nausea associated with chemotherapy, Murray, Seattle, 1979; R. Randall: Marijuana, Glaucoma and Public Policy, NORML, Washington, 1978: Editorial: Marijuana may lessen spasticity of MS, J. Am. Med. Ass, 1979 241 2476.
69. Reviewed in: S. Cohen: op. cit.; S. Cohen: Marijuana. J. Am. Med. Ass. 1978 240 1761; R. Mechoulam & N. Lander: Cannabis: a possible source of new drugs, Pharmacy Internat. 1980 1 19: N.E. Zinberg: On Cannabis and Health, J. Psychedelic Drugs 1979 11 135: A. O'Leary. The Present Status of Cannabis as Medicine in the USA, presented at 1st ICAR Cannabis Legalisation Conference, Amsterdam, 1980.
70. K. Green: The Occular Effects of Cannabinoids, in J.A. Zadunansky & H. Davson: Current Topics in Eye Research, Academic Press, 1979. Vol. I. p. 175; on the effect as applied to glaucoma patients see R.S. Hepler & R.J. Petrus: Experiences with Administration of Marihuana to Glaucoma Patients, in S. Cohen & R.C. Stillman: The Therapeutic Potential of Marihuana, Plenum, New York. 1976, p. 63 and W J. Crawford & J.C. Merritt: Effects of THC on arterial and intraoccular hypertension, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Biopharm. 1979 17 191. On synthetics see D.M. Ebert & A.T. Dren: Intraoccular pressure lowering properties of Abbot-43981, a cannabinoid-derived heterocyclic benzopyran with minimum CNS activities, Pharmacologist 1977 19 230.
71. R. Randall: communication to ICAR 1st Internat. Cannabis Legalisation Conference, Amsterdam, 1980; US Dept. of HEW, Marihuana & Health, 8th Annual Report, 1980.
72. Randall: op. cit.; L. Tucker: Marijuana by Prescription, Am. Pharmacy. 1979 NS19 537
73. US Dept. of HEW, op. cit.
74. S.E. Sallan, N.E. Zinberg & E. Frei: Antiemetic effect of delta-9-THC in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, New Eng. J. Med. 1975 293 795; S.E. Sallan et al.: Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer, New Eng. J. Med. 1980 302 135; A.E. Chang et al.: Evaluation of antiemetic effects of delta-9-THC during adjuvant chemotherapy in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate, Ann. Intern. Med. 1979 91 825.
75. US Dept. of HEW: op. cit.
76. R.A. Roffman: Using Marijuana in the reduction of nausea associated with chemotherapy, Murray, Seattle, 1979.
77 D.J. Petro & C. Ellenberger: Treatment of Human Spasticity with delta-9-THC, presented at AAAS Annual Meeting, Houston, 1979; Editorial: Marijuana may lessen spasticity of MS, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1979 241 2476.
78. A.K. Nadkarni: Indian Materia Medica, Popular Books, Bombay 1954; E.J. Waring: Practical Therapeutics, Lindsay & Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1874.
79. J.P. Davis & H.H. Ramsey: Antiepileptic action of marihuana-active substances, Fedn. Proc. 1949 8 284.
80. R. Mechoulam & N. Lander: Cannabis: a possible source of new drugs. Pharmacy Internat. 1980 1 (1) 19.
81. D.M. Feeny, M. Spiker & G.K. Weiss: Marihuana and Epilepsy, in S. Cohen & R.C. Stillman (Eds.): The Therapeutic Potential of Marihuana, Plenum, New York, 1976.
82. Comprehensively reviewed in H.N. Bhargava: Potential Therapeutic Applications of naturally occurring and synthetic Cannabinoids, Gen. Pharmac. 1978 9 195.
83. N.E. Zinberg: On Cannabis and Health, J. Psychedelic Drugs 1979 11 139.
84. A.H. Douthwaite: Hashish, Guy's Hosp. Gaz 1948 62 138.
85. D.P. Tashkin et al.: Effects of smoked marihuana in experimentally induced asthma, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1975 112 377. D.P Tashkin et al.: Respiratory status of 74 habitual marihuana smokers, presented at Annual Meeting, American Thoracic Society, Boston, 1978.
86. L.J. Thompson & R.C. Proctor: The use of pyrahexyl in the treatment of alcoholic and drug withdrawal conditions, N. Carol. Med. J. 1953 14 520.
87. I.J C. Dunbar: personal communication to DAA, 1969.
88. T.H. Mikuriya: Cannabis substitution: an adjunctive therapeutic tool in the treatment of alcoholism, Med. Times, 1970 98 187: J. Scher: Marihuana as an agent in rehabilitating alcoholics, Am. J Psychiat. 1971 127 147.
89. J. Kotin, R.M. Post & F.K. Goodwin: Delta-9-THC in depressed patients, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 1973 28 345.
90. R. Gordon, R.J. Gordon & R.D. Sofia: Antitussive activity of some naturally occurring cannabinoids in anesthetized cats; Eur. J. Pharmac. 1976 35 309.
9l. E.C. Gaulden et al.: Menstrual Abnormalities associated with Heroin Addiction, Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1964 90 l55.
92. F.T. Ames: A Clinical and Metabolic Study . . . , J. Ment. Sci. 1958 104 972; J M. Watt & M. Breyer-Brandwijk: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, Livingstone, Edinburgh, 2nd Ed., 1962.
93. Anon.: Effects of cannabis and alcohol during labour, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1930 94 1165; L, T. Schlesinger: De l'action du chanvre indien sur l'accouchement, Sem. Hop. 1948 24 2929.
94. S. Cohen: Marijuana as Medicine, Psychol. Today, April 1978, p.60.
95. W.J. Crawford & J.C. Merritt: Effects of THC on arterial and intraoccular hypertension, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Biopharm. 1979 17 191.
96. On the synthetics see R.K. Razdan et al.: Drugs derived from cannabinoids, published in six parts in J. Med. Chem. 1976 19 at pp. 445, 454, 549, 552, 461 and 719. Also see L. Lemberger & H. Rowe: Clinical pharmacology of nabilone, a cannabinol derivative, Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 1975 18 720; H. Kurth. U. Kraatz & F. Korte: Zur synthese thioanaloger Cannabis derivate, Chem. Ber. 1976 109 2164. The pitfalls of this approach were demonstrated when nabilone, regarded as the most successful of the synthetics, was withdrawn from human testing in 1979 as a result of chronic toxicity studies on dogs: Wall Street Journal, 18 January 1979.
97 For developments in this area, see the excellent newsletter and documentation produced by the Medical Reclassification Project, NORML, 2317 M Street NW, Washington DC, 20037.
98. U.S. Dept. of HEW: Marihuana and Health, 8th Annual Report 1980.
99. ISDD, Some Projects for the Future, London, 1978.
100 H.B. Spear: Personal Communication to DAA, 1980.
101. M. Rose: Cannabis: A Medical Question?, Lancet 1980 i. 703.
102. See Refs. 3, 8 & 9 and the following: C.R. Marshall: A contribution to the pharmacology of cannabis indica, J. Am. Med. Ass. 1898 31 882: H.C. Hamilton, A.W Lescohie & R.A. Perkins: The physiological activity of C. Sativa, J. Am. Pharm. Ass. 1913 2 22; V Robinson: An Essay on Hashish, Ringer, New York, 1912, reprinted in B. Caspari-Rosen (Ed.), Hashish, Ciba. Fdn. Symposium, 1946 and in D. Soloman, The Marijuana Papers, 1966. Also the papers by Parker and Stockings quoted in footnote 46.
103. R. Mechoulam & N. Lander: Cannabis: a possible source of new drugs, Pharmacy Internatl 1980 1 (1) 19 (note the title!)